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中国石化河北石家庄石油高速路口加油站自2007年开始使用地源热泵系统进行集中制冷和供热,年节约费用近4万元。# G# @" f7 S2 |- O. w) G
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图为加油站员工在检查地源热泵装置系统! C8 t, K2 J6 W& l3 l2 L# f
5 z$ R7 Y! ?0 l0 ^ 6月25日,财政部与住建部联合发文,对于地源热泵应用工程提供资金补贴,其中加强热泵工程后评估工作,将按节能效果给予奖励。该办法受到业内高度关注。) J: x2 |* G/ D6 }+ Q5 N2 U( [
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地源热泵的顺利推广和应用,对企业的空调系统集成创新能力提出了更高的要求。
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绿色空调技术大有可为
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$ K3 z& r- o) A. z R3 C$ I- E- \ 随着节能减排的力度进一步加大和"绿色建筑"逐渐推广,地源热泵在节能减排中的作用愈发凸显。1 [1 c& l/ Q2 k6 i8 n6 r4 ^
4 j5 o. V, q6 Q1 o- {! g4 { [ 据北京市建筑设计院徐洪庆博士介绍,城市废热主要有三个来源:第一就是地下的排水管道中废弃的热量,第二是地铁、大型地下建筑所产生的热能,第三是传统发电厂和汽车尾气。热泵技术在集中废热方面大有可为。+ F1 E5 r. a5 O" w
" b1 E- ^3 ?; G) z6 y# @$ E0 Z7 d 地源热泵空调系统利用地下恒温层中土壤一年四季温度稳定的特点,冬季把土壤中热量取出来,供给室内采暖;夏季把室内的热量释放到地能中去,从而形成一个年度的冷热循环系统。由于地源热泵系统利用的是地球表面浅层地热资源,没有燃烧,没有废弃物,且不用远距离输送热量,环境效益显着。" X& f4 `+ a* V; i: _8 k- b
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地源热泵中央空调作为一种先进、高效、节能、环保的空调系统,是对可再生地热能资源的一种运用。地源热泵不仅适用于宾馆、商场、办公楼、学校等公共建筑,也适用于普通民用住宅。在节能、环保、可再生、节省费用等方面显现的优势使地源热泵技术被称为21世纪的"绿色空调技术"。$ v4 b, i7 {8 ^5 E6 c7 G& h
" U. u' Q. y C 应用面临系统集成挑战4 U) w1 H6 d9 ?
' q1 l; j5 z, c% p! B2 ~; M 政府对地源热泵进行财政补贴,在一定程度上缩小了地源热泵产品与其他产品的差价,有利于地源热泵技术的推广。但是能不能让地源热泵发挥实际的效益,关键不仅在于地源热泵本身的方案,还牵扯到设计、施工和运行的合理性。
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地源热泵项目是一个系统工程,在实施过程中通常需要水文地质勘察、城市市政管理、地下水环保部门、机械、电力、建筑环境与设备等不同部门的协调配合。如果使用污水源热泵系统,还有可能需要和电厂、市政污水处理厂或其他有中水排放的相关企业与主管部门进行交涉。
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: Q" d# F6 m- k$ @ 为了更健康地发展地源热泵系统,文件要求相关政府部门对集成商的资质进行评定和认证,应在设计、施工和监测部门建立专项资质管理制度。8 k9 y4 s2 g' V# s0 O
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专家表示,地源热泵系统集成需要足够的专业知识和丰富的工程经验,企业要发展地源热泵集成系统必须有专业的设计、施工队伍,并且具备专业的技术。"目前,热泵空调系统已有集成创新成果一个是单双级耦合热泵系统,另一个是水环热泵系统。" 北京制冷学会相关负责人刘艳玲介绍说,这两个系统的共同点就是降低热源损失、平衡热量、提升热泵系统的能效比。
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! T: L0 b8 c' M; U& k! q, B7 f 应用后评估工作受关注" C" h1 @, o( y- I
/ G) ~' x# |6 O, p 对于地源热泵的开发和利用,政府给予了政策和资金的大力支持。《可再生能源法》、《节约能源法》中都对行业扶持有所规定,并有具体给予补助的实施条例。目前北京、河北、山东、山西等省市对地源热泵技术已有明确的优惠政策,天津、广东、南京、长沙等省市均设立了节能专项资金。
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但是,随着地源热泵开发和利用程度的深入,资源浪费、环境污染等问题也随之显现。热泵工程的后评估工作成为学者和行业专家重点关注的问题。作为地源热泵系统开发应用的龙头城市,北京、天津在热泵工程后评估工作上已先行一步。1 w* e4 E) ?6 q
1 p; M- C7 ^7 s& I& R7 |1 I 今年年初,北京市17位评估专家对北京市127个地源热泵项目进行后评估,评估结果显示,北京市地源热泵项目可以节能30%,地源热泵对水质的影响较小,而且对地质环境基本无影响。刘艳玲表示:"目前,北京正在编制《北京市评价标准体系》,加强热泵技术的标准后评估工作。"
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与北京相对应的,天津对地源热泵的后评估工作也十分重视。天津制冷学会空调热泵专业委员会委员何耀东表示:"天津将出台奖励措施以及技术规范和强化动态监管,进一步规范场地勘查和物流参数的检测工作。" |
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