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中国石化河北石家庄石油高速路口加油站自2007年开始使用地源热泵系统进行集中制冷和供热,年节约费用近4万元。1 l; \9 ]2 S) J+ k" c. H7 v O
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, Z0 J; N/ v8 n 图为加油站员工在检查地源热泵装置系统
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; u5 C( h5 \4 I2 k& s" o 6月25日,财政部与住建部联合发文,对于地源热泵应用工程提供资金补贴,其中加强热泵工程后评估工作,将按节能效果给予奖励。该办法受到业内高度关注。2 p1 e6 _. V6 }) Y- G: q9 q& ~) D
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地源热泵的顺利推广和应用,对企业的空调系统集成创新能力提出了更高的要求。7 Q6 i2 u' d/ u3 G1 a# A& M
, ^ R; u7 f+ R 绿色空调技术大有可为; A; q/ V. i, B* |8 _6 X
; R9 R2 d* n. X7 E2 b) H5 K 随着节能减排的力度进一步加大和"绿色建筑"逐渐推广,地源热泵在节能减排中的作用愈发凸显。; j/ h/ H' b5 G) S, Q
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据北京市建筑设计院徐洪庆博士介绍,城市废热主要有三个来源:第一就是地下的排水管道中废弃的热量,第二是地铁、大型地下建筑所产生的热能,第三是传统发电厂和汽车尾气。热泵技术在集中废热方面大有可为。& u* B$ `' Z0 [* G7 G L
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地源热泵空调系统利用地下恒温层中土壤一年四季温度稳定的特点,冬季把土壤中热量取出来,供给室内采暖;夏季把室内的热量释放到地能中去,从而形成一个年度的冷热循环系统。由于地源热泵系统利用的是地球表面浅层地热资源,没有燃烧,没有废弃物,且不用远距离输送热量,环境效益显着。" F+ k1 K" }% k9 d% m1 S M
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地源热泵中央空调作为一种先进、高效、节能、环保的空调系统,是对可再生地热能资源的一种运用。地源热泵不仅适用于宾馆、商场、办公楼、学校等公共建筑,也适用于普通民用住宅。在节能、环保、可再生、节省费用等方面显现的优势使地源热泵技术被称为21世纪的"绿色空调技术"。, p* R- z) r; Y+ {3 Z3 W; H! t
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应用面临系统集成挑战0 k. G$ h$ x! D+ {
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政府对地源热泵进行财政补贴,在一定程度上缩小了地源热泵产品与其他产品的差价,有利于地源热泵技术的推广。但是能不能让地源热泵发挥实际的效益,关键不仅在于地源热泵本身的方案,还牵扯到设计、施工和运行的合理性。
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地源热泵项目是一个系统工程,在实施过程中通常需要水文地质勘察、城市市政管理、地下水环保部门、机械、电力、建筑环境与设备等不同部门的协调配合。如果使用污水源热泵系统,还有可能需要和电厂、市政污水处理厂或其他有中水排放的相关企业与主管部门进行交涉。
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: n, U7 c+ ]5 v 为了更健康地发展地源热泵系统,文件要求相关政府部门对集成商的资质进行评定和认证,应在设计、施工和监测部门建立专项资质管理制度。! t0 P) G4 f) L- C/ K+ ~( A( b
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专家表示,地源热泵系统集成需要足够的专业知识和丰富的工程经验,企业要发展地源热泵集成系统必须有专业的设计、施工队伍,并且具备专业的技术。"目前,热泵空调系统已有集成创新成果一个是单双级耦合热泵系统,另一个是水环热泵系统。" 北京制冷学会相关负责人刘艳玲介绍说,这两个系统的共同点就是降低热源损失、平衡热量、提升热泵系统的能效比。" N) p4 |" [/ `4 S! q4 O) h& o
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应用后评估工作受关注% n8 A; i+ Z7 R2 P: c4 p6 W
/ Y% v0 ]- ^ P* |' s 对于地源热泵的开发和利用,政府给予了政策和资金的大力支持。《可再生能源法》、《节约能源法》中都对行业扶持有所规定,并有具体给予补助的实施条例。目前北京、河北、山东、山西等省市对地源热泵技术已有明确的优惠政策,天津、广东、南京、长沙等省市均设立了节能专项资金。$ @- s N+ V; e+ v* k3 s
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但是,随着地源热泵开发和利用程度的深入,资源浪费、环境污染等问题也随之显现。热泵工程的后评估工作成为学者和行业专家重点关注的问题。作为地源热泵系统开发应用的龙头城市,北京、天津在热泵工程后评估工作上已先行一步。7 j, {$ y! z7 B$ T
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今年年初,北京市17位评估专家对北京市127个地源热泵项目进行后评估,评估结果显示,北京市地源热泵项目可以节能30%,地源热泵对水质的影响较小,而且对地质环境基本无影响。刘艳玲表示:"目前,北京正在编制《北京市评价标准体系》,加强热泵技术的标准后评估工作。"8 w7 u* ]3 ?# L* F/ R2 o% f
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与北京相对应的,天津对地源热泵的后评估工作也十分重视。天津制冷学会空调热泵专业委员会委员何耀东表示:"天津将出台奖励措施以及技术规范和强化动态监管,进一步规范场地勘查和物流参数的检测工作。" |
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