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中国石化河北石家庄石油高速路口加油站自2007年开始使用地源热泵系统进行集中制冷和供热,年节约费用近4万元。$ Z1 n8 _& o8 b" V. y# r) _
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+ B( e' J! Z& D0 _ c 图为加油站员工在检查地源热泵装置系统
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6月25日,财政部与住建部联合发文,对于地源热泵应用工程提供资金补贴,其中加强热泵工程后评估工作,将按节能效果给予奖励。该办法受到业内高度关注。0 n$ }* a; ^) M' x1 f
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地源热泵的顺利推广和应用,对企业的空调系统集成创新能力提出了更高的要求。
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绿色空调技术大有可为
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& j% q2 X! p& h( B7 D1 b, k; C2 ?+ R- I 随着节能减排的力度进一步加大和"绿色建筑"逐渐推广,地源热泵在节能减排中的作用愈发凸显。
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# U4 O$ P7 s& A: j) |1 |/ k 据北京市建筑设计院徐洪庆博士介绍,城市废热主要有三个来源:第一就是地下的排水管道中废弃的热量,第二是地铁、大型地下建筑所产生的热能,第三是传统发电厂和汽车尾气。热泵技术在集中废热方面大有可为。; }6 `7 p) E, F/ J. x
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地源热泵空调系统利用地下恒温层中土壤一年四季温度稳定的特点,冬季把土壤中热量取出来,供给室内采暖;夏季把室内的热量释放到地能中去,从而形成一个年度的冷热循环系统。由于地源热泵系统利用的是地球表面浅层地热资源,没有燃烧,没有废弃物,且不用远距离输送热量,环境效益显着。
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- ~# X: s7 l5 h! b0 |) _ 地源热泵中央空调作为一种先进、高效、节能、环保的空调系统,是对可再生地热能资源的一种运用。地源热泵不仅适用于宾馆、商场、办公楼、学校等公共建筑,也适用于普通民用住宅。在节能、环保、可再生、节省费用等方面显现的优势使地源热泵技术被称为21世纪的"绿色空调技术"。- D1 L$ b$ Y1 M
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应用面临系统集成挑战
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政府对地源热泵进行财政补贴,在一定程度上缩小了地源热泵产品与其他产品的差价,有利于地源热泵技术的推广。但是能不能让地源热泵发挥实际的效益,关键不仅在于地源热泵本身的方案,还牵扯到设计、施工和运行的合理性。
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地源热泵项目是一个系统工程,在实施过程中通常需要水文地质勘察、城市市政管理、地下水环保部门、机械、电力、建筑环境与设备等不同部门的协调配合。如果使用污水源热泵系统,还有可能需要和电厂、市政污水处理厂或其他有中水排放的相关企业与主管部门进行交涉。
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z# N! g. {/ {8 O1 i 为了更健康地发展地源热泵系统,文件要求相关政府部门对集成商的资质进行评定和认证,应在设计、施工和监测部门建立专项资质管理制度。
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专家表示,地源热泵系统集成需要足够的专业知识和丰富的工程经验,企业要发展地源热泵集成系统必须有专业的设计、施工队伍,并且具备专业的技术。"目前,热泵空调系统已有集成创新成果一个是单双级耦合热泵系统,另一个是水环热泵系统。" 北京制冷学会相关负责人刘艳玲介绍说,这两个系统的共同点就是降低热源损失、平衡热量、提升热泵系统的能效比。
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应用后评估工作受关注
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t" S+ _" S3 v+ H: W 对于地源热泵的开发和利用,政府给予了政策和资金的大力支持。《可再生能源法》、《节约能源法》中都对行业扶持有所规定,并有具体给予补助的实施条例。目前北京、河北、山东、山西等省市对地源热泵技术已有明确的优惠政策,天津、广东、南京、长沙等省市均设立了节能专项资金。
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1 a/ ?" J0 b9 x 但是,随着地源热泵开发和利用程度的深入,资源浪费、环境污染等问题也随之显现。热泵工程的后评估工作成为学者和行业专家重点关注的问题。作为地源热泵系统开发应用的龙头城市,北京、天津在热泵工程后评估工作上已先行一步。
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, @- L7 U# D/ l, d 今年年初,北京市17位评估专家对北京市127个地源热泵项目进行后评估,评估结果显示,北京市地源热泵项目可以节能30%,地源热泵对水质的影响较小,而且对地质环境基本无影响。刘艳玲表示:"目前,北京正在编制《北京市评价标准体系》,加强热泵技术的标准后评估工作。"6 B. W4 X; \/ L0 R0 @; R
* L- n; ?+ Y0 H' G 与北京相对应的,天津对地源热泵的后评估工作也十分重视。天津制冷学会空调热泵专业委员会委员何耀东表示:"天津将出台奖励措施以及技术规范和强化动态监管,进一步规范场地勘查和物流参数的检测工作。" |
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