地源热泵推广向纵深发展

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　　中国石化河北石家庄石油高速路口加油站自2007年开始使用地源热泵系统进行集中制冷和供热，年节约费用近4万元。
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2 Q" }& \  ]. {( T1 P: \　　图为加油站员工在检查地源热泵装置系统
　　
　　6月25日，财政部与住建部联合发文，对于地源热泵应用工程提供资金补贴，其中加强热泵工程后评估工作，将按节能效果给予奖励。该办法受到业内高度关注。
　　
1 L% v* s0 K7 P- M　　地源热泵的顺利推广和应用，对企业的空调系统集成创新能力提出了更高的要求。
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　　绿色空调技术大有可为
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4 H! C5 q5 f% S　　随着节能减排的力度进一步加大和"绿色建筑"逐渐推广，地源热泵在节能减排中的作用愈发凸显。
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　　据北京市建筑设计院徐洪庆博士介绍，城市废热主要有三个来源：第一就是地下的排水管道中废弃的热量，第二是地铁、大型地下建筑所产生的热能，第三是传统发电厂和汽车尾气。热泵技术在集中废热方面大有可为。
　　
　　地源热泵空调系统利用地下恒温层中土壤一年四季温度稳定的特点，冬季把土壤中热量取出来，供给室内采暖；夏季把室内的热量释放到地能中去，从而形成一个年度的冷热循环系统。由于地源热泵系统利用的是地球表面浅层地热资源，没有燃烧，没有废弃物，且不用远距离输送热量，环境效益显着。
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% }8 ~$ M# G( m　　地源热泵中央空调作为一种先进、高效、节能、环保的空调系统，是对可再生地热能资源的一种运用。地源热泵不仅适用于宾馆、商场、办公楼、学校等公共建筑，也适用于普通民用住宅。在节能、环保、可再生、节省费用等方面显现的优势使地源热泵技术被称为21世纪的"绿色空调技术"。
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　　应用面临系统集成挑战
　　
　　政府对地源热泵进行财政补贴，在一定程度上缩小了地源热泵产品与其他产品的差价，有利于地源热泵技术的推广。但是能不能让地源热泵发挥实际的效益，关键不仅在于地源热泵本身的方案，还牵扯到设计、施工和运行的合理性。
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5 y) G  m! [/ u　　地源热泵项目是一个系统工程，在实施过程中通常需要水文地质勘察、城市市政管理、地下水环保部门、机械、电力、建筑环境与设备等不同部门的协调配合。如果使用污水源热泵系统，还有可能需要和电厂、市政污水处理厂或其他有中水排放的相关企业与主管部门进行交涉。
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　　为了更健康地发展地源热泵系统，文件要求相关政府部门对集成商的资质进行评定和认证，应在设计、施工和监测部门建立专项资质管理制度。
　　
( A! c' P/ v2 M0 f8 z　　专家表示，地源热泵系统集成需要足够的专业知识和丰富的工程经验，企业要发展地源热泵集成系统必须有专业的设计、施工队伍，并且具备专业的技术。"目前，热泵空调系统已有集成创新成果一个是单双级耦合热泵系统，另一个是水环热泵系统。" 北京制冷学会相关负责人刘艳玲介绍说，这两个系统的共同点就是降低热源损失、平衡热量、提升热泵系统的能效比。
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3 U" b8 V3 ~3 O  @/ t* w3 ~　　应用后评估工作受关注
　　
' o$ K# K5 \* ^! ]2 \# m　　对于地源热泵的开发和利用，政府给予了政策和资金的大力支持。《可再生能源法》、《节约能源法》中都对行业扶持有所规定，并有具体给予补助的实施条例。目前北京、河北、山东、山西等省市对地源热泵技术已有明确的优惠政策，天津、广东、南京、长沙等省市均设立了节能专项资金。
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: i9 L% ]  k  j- }8 }# r　　但是，随着地源热泵开发和利用程度的深入，资源浪费、环境污染等问题也随之显现。热泵工程的后评估工作成为学者和行业专家重点关注的问题。作为地源热泵系统开发应用的龙头城市，北京、天津在热泵工程后评估工作上已先行一步。
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　　今年年初，北京市17位评估专家对北京市127个地源热泵项目进行后评估，评估结果显示，北京市地源热泵项目可以节能30%，地源热泵对水质的影响较小，而且对地质环境基本无影响。刘艳玲表示:"目前，北京正在编制《北京市评价标准体系》，加强热泵技术的标准后评估工作。"
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* f  j' A' B+ @, r　　与北京相对应的，天津对地源热泵的后评估工作也十分重视。天津制冷学会空调热泵专业委员会委员何耀东表示："天津将出台奖励措施以及技术规范和强化动态监管，进一步规范场地勘查和物流参数的检测工作。"

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